Table 4 Associations between possible food security determinants and women’s dietary diversity score
Possible determinants of WDDS | Total | WDDS | Crudea | Adjustedb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | Mean (95 % CI) | Coeff. (95 % CI) | p value | Coeff. (95 % CI) | p value | |
Total | 100 (n = 2620) | 3.8 (range 1,9) | ||||
Respondent characteristics | ||||||
Age | 2620 | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.036 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.973 | |
Religion | ||||||
Islamc | 90.2 (2328) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.9) | ||||
Hindu | 9.8 (292) | 4.2 (3.7, 4.6) | 0.42 (−0.06, 0.90) | 0.075 | 0.32 (0.00, 0.65) | 0.052 |
Pregnancy status | ||||||
Not pregnantc | 94.7 (2480) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | ||||
Pregnant | 5.3 (140) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.5) | 0.26 (−0.13, 0.65) | 0.154 | 0.21 (−0.07, 0.48) | 0.118 |
Food availability determinants | ||||||
Ownership of land | ||||||
Does not own land c | 54.2 (1443) | 3.6 (3.5, 3.7) | ||||
Owns land | 45.8 (1174) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.48) | 0.000 | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.21) | 0.070 |
Ownership of livestock | ||||||
Do not own livestockc | 19.6 (552) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.9) | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.23) | 0.369 | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.08) | 0.327 |
Own livestock | 80.4 (2068) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | ||||
Use of vegetable gardens | ||||||
Do not use gardensc | 48.3 (1199) | 3.6 (3.5, 3.8) | ||||
Use gardens | 51.7 (1421) | 3.9 (3.8, 4.1) | 0.32 (0.19, 0.46) | 0.001 | 0.20 (0.11, 0.31) | 0.003 |
Food access determinants | ||||||
Wealth (PCA) | ||||||
Lowest tertilec | 32.2 (876) | 3.4 (3.3, 3.5) | ||||
Middle tertile | 32.8 (815) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.55) | 0.011 | 0.17 (−0.03, 0.37) | 0.083 |
Top tertile | 35.0 (918) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.3) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.12) | 0.000 | 0.46 (0.24, 0.68) | 0.002 |
Freedom travel to market alone | ||||||
Neverc | 63.0 (1718) | 3.8 (3.6, 4.0) | ||||
Always or sometimes | 37.0 (902) | 3.8 (3.5, 4.0) | −0.05 (−0.47, 0.36) | 0.763 | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.33) | 0.810 |
Women’s involvement in decision-making relating to household food expenditure | ||||||
No | 63.2 (1668) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | ||||
Yes | 36.8 (952) | 3.8 (3.6, 4.0) | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.23) | 0.849 | 0.03 (−0.16, 0.21) | 0.731 |
Food utilisation determinants | ||||||
Knowledge of undernutrition prevention methods (number of methods known) | ||||||
0-2 | 76.3 (1963) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.9) | ||||
≥3 | 23.7 (657) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | 0.30 (−0.09, 0.68) | 0.112 | 0.14 (−0.16, 0.45) | 0.296 |
Women’s literacy | ||||||
Cannot readc | 36.2 (940) | 3.4 (3.3, 3.5) | ||||
Can read | 63.8 (1680) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | 0.59 (0.46, 0.72) | 0.000 | 0.37 (0.20, 0.54) | 0.002 |
Access to media | ||||||
Do not own radio or television | 64.1 (1698) | 3.6 (3.5, 3.7) | ||||
Own radio or television | 35.9 (922) | 4.2 (3.9, 4.4) | 0.58 (0.27, 0.88) | 0.004 | 0.24 (−0.01, 0.50) | 0.056 |
Number of women of reproductive age in the household | ||||||
1 womanc | 77.4 (1985) | 3.7 (3.6, 3.8) | ||||
>1 woman | 22.6 (635) | 4.0 (3.8, 4.2) | 0.33 (0.22, 0.43) | 0.000 | 0.17 (0.05, 0.29) | 0.012 |